To what extent are UK judges both independent and neutral free essay sample

Unit 2 Stimulus The Judiciary 1 a) With reference to the source, describe the measures that exist to maintain the independence and neutrality of the judiciary. The independence of the Judiciary from the executive and legislative Is said to kept by things like their fixed salaries and sub judice rule. Their salaries are paid from the Consolidated Fund and arent fixed or changeable by Parliament or the government which keeps the Judiciary free from political pressure in terms of finance. The sub Judice rule is where the MPs in the House of Commons are unable to comment on current or pending cases. This keeps he Judiciary free from political interference and prevents prejudice against Judicial decisions. This rule is followed by ministers and civil servants too. Judges are said to be kept neutral because they lack politically partisan actlvlty as they dont comment on matters of public policy and avoid siding with different party governments, Another way the judiciary has been made increasingly independent and neutral is the changed position of the Lord Chancellor following the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act as he was previously the head of the Judiciary, the presiding officers of the House of Lords and a member of the cabinet. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent are UK judges both independent and neutral? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This Act removed his Judicial role and transferred it to the Lord Chief Justice while also separating the law lords from the House of Lords via the establishment of a new Supreme Court in 2009. This again, separates the Judiciary from the legislature and executive which enhances independence and neutrality. 1 b) With reference to the source and your own knowledge, explain how the Judiciary has been reformed since 2005. The judiciary has had major reforms implemented since 2005 under the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 which aimed to enhance the independence of Judges from the legislature and executive. First of all, the role of the Lord chancellor was altered as he was previously the head of the Judiciary, was a member of the government as he was in the cabinet, and was also a presiding officer of the House of Lords as he chaired meetings like the Speaker does in the House of Commons. There were debates that this meant the Judiciary wasnt independent as the Lord Chancellor belonged to all three branches of government: the Judiciary, legislature and executive. He was also seen as a political appointment by the Prime Minister. However the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act resulted In the transfer of the udicial functions from the Lord Chancellor to the Lord Chief Justice who is now responsible for the training, guidance and deployment of Judges. The Lord Chancellor also no longer sits in the House of Lords as a Speaker was elected in 2006, separating the link between the legislature and Judiciary. In addition to this, there was the creation of the Ministry of Justice in 2007 which became responsible for things like courts, prisons and probation. The power to appoint judges has also been taken from the Lord Chancellor and passed onto the Judicial Appointments Commission. The creation of the Judicial Appointments Commission in 2006 tOf6 Minister and the Lord Chancellor to the Appointments Commission. Prior to this, the Prime Minister would appoint the Court of Appeal and Law lords with advice from his Lord Chancellor. Judges below this level were appointed by the Lord Chancellor. This was seen as part of government patronage and the question of whether the Judges appointed were free from partisan bias arose. The creation of this Appointment Commission however ensures that those that are nominated are politically independent from the executive. Finally, there was a reform of the most senior judges in the I-JK. Initially senior Judges (Law Lords) were members of the House of Lords which meant that the Judiciary was part of the legislature. Although the Judges werent allowed to play a role in political debates or proposals of legislative by convention, they were still consulted on matters close to their interests. It was, therefore, seen as a breach of Judicial independence. However following the creation of the Supreme Court in 2009, senior Judges no longer sit in the House of Lords which means are free of political influence and decision making and in effect from the legislature as they can speak out against the government. c) To what extent are I-JK Judges both independent and neutral? Judicial independence is based on the freedom of the Judiciary from the interference by the two by the two other branches of government: the executive and legislature, in its activities, as well as freedom from pressure exerted by the media or public opinion. Judicial neutrality is the absence of bias in the Judiciary for example; religious, social, gender, political or racial bias. I-JK Judges are generally seen to possess both inde pendent and neutral qualities. They are independent and neutral to a large extent as the Constitutional Reform Act in 2005 has increased their independence nd existing measures such as security of their Job and salary, as well as sub Judice rule, the growth of Judicial review and increased European influence maintains existing independence. Neutrality is increasing the Judiciary as its social representation is improving and the biased attitudes of Judges towards national security have been changing. However independence and neutrality is still limited as there have been biased Judgements against certain social groups, biased Judgments in favour of national security, and their recruitment is unrepresentative and selected from a narrow section of society. The principle of parliamentary sovereignty creates a tendency for Judges to favour the government rather than rule against it and finally, the Lord Chancellors Judiciary role may have been transferred but there still remains political influence over it. Therefore I-JK Judges are independent and have become neutral toa large extent but there are still some limitations on this. First of all the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 has greatly increased the independence of Judges as it resulted in the removal of the Lord Chancellor in the House of Lords by replacing him with a Speaker since 2006. His power to appoint Judges with the Prime Minister was also transferred to an independent Judicial Appointments Commission. The act also reformed the office of the Lord Chancellor by passing on his Judicial functions to the Lord Chief Justice a Judge with no link to the legislature and executive, who is now responsible for the training, guidance and deployment on Judges. Finally the Act created a new Supreme Court in 2009 which shifted the Law Lords from the House of become independent from both the legislature and the executive as the Lord Chancellor no longer sits in the House of Lords, the senior Judges no longer sit in the egislature and political patronage of the Judiciary no longer exists due to an Appointments commission, thus increasing greatly the independence of Judges. Secondly the increased use of Judicial Review in the past forty years suggests that the neutrality and independence of the Judges has improved. The Judicial Review is a process where the Judge reviews the action of the government or another public body if a citizen feels like they have acted wrongly. This process applies the Rule of Law to the workings of the government and public bodies such as citizens being treated equally. For instance there have been many Judicial review cases against the Home Office and its immigration regulations where the court has reprimanded against the government department. Judges have also exercised their powers in declaring the actions of ministers ultra vires for example Conservative Michael Howards extension of sentences for Bulger killers were ruled unlawful. This indicates a high level of neutrality as the Judges werent biased towards supporting the government. However it can be argued that this is very rare as only 16 out of every 1,000 cases were won by citizens in 2011. Since the Human Rights Act in 1998 (which was enacted in 2000) Judges have been unafraid to rule out any incompatible government policy with the ECHR (1951). For example in October 2007, senior Judges ruled that 18-hour curfews breached civil liberties under the ECHR. There have also been declarations against anti-terrorism legislations such as in 2004 when Law Lords opposed the detention of suspected foreign terrorists in British prisons without trial, using the HRA which led to alterations of the Terrorism Act in 2005. In fact if parliament fails to address cases hich have been ruled unlawful by Judges under ECHR, the case can be taken to the European Court of Human Rights which is clearly an independent court of appeal since the court is outside of Britain and therefore free from the interference of the British government. This shows that Judges are highly independent enough to be able to declare incompatible legislations passed by parliament under ECHR and if they are ignored, then the case reaches a fully independent European Court of Appeal which usually obliges Parliament to alter its legislation. It is also argued that the pay and conditions of employment of the Judiciary keep it ree from corruption and political pressure. They have security of tenure which means a Judge cannot be dismissed as they are appointed for life (the retiring age being 75), subject to appropriate behaviour. In order to be removed a Judge must be voted out by both Houses of Parliament. However this has not happened since 1830 which suggests that the Parliament also respects the Judiciarys independence. Secondly, salaries are paid by the independent Consolidated Fund rather than the government, keeping them free from possible corruption. This shows that Judges are ery independent from the executive and legislature as they arent under political pressure from possible dismissal and keeps them neutral as they dont have to favour the government in fear of losing their Job or reduction of their pay packet. independence. It is observed in both the House of Commons and House of Lord, preventing MPs and Lords from discussing publicly any current or pending court cases. A similar rule is followed by ministers by convention. This ensures that the judiciary is free from the interference of the executive and the legislature as it prevents prejudice of court proceedings by influencing the Judge or Jury. It also prevents parliament from acting as an alternative forum to decide court cases. However in 2004, an ex-Prime Minister, Tony Blair expressed his revulsion at the crimes committed by some British soldiers in Iraq despite them being tried by a court martial at the time, which shows that sometimes the temptation to break the sub judice rule cannot be resisted and may result in an attack on the independence of the Judges. On the other hand it can be said that the neutrality and independence of I-JK Judges are limited as in theory, parliamentary sovereignty is greater than the rule of law. This was suggested by A. V. Dicey which he described as the twin pillars of British Constitution. This in effect means that the Judiciary is subordinate to Parliament and is therefore not independent. Parliamentary sovereignty means that parliament can reform every aspect of the legal system: it can abolish courts; alter the law and decide on what penalties and punishments are applied in courts as it can pass any statutes which the courts must follow. For example in 2005, under a powerful executive, parliament passed its Terrorism Act which meant that terrorist suspects could be imprisoned or detained without trial. This suggests that Parliament had the upremacy to override the rule of law whereby everybody is entitled to a fair trial. However it is argued that the law lords had opposed this legislation due to its attack on civil liberties which resulted in alterations of the legislation. Even if rulings of the judges were ignored by Parliament, the Judges would be able to appeal to the European Courts of Human Rights which would eventually oblige the British government to alter the law. There is also an argument initiated by J. A. G. Griffiths in his book Politics of the Judiciary, published in 1977 which suggests that the Judiciary is recruited from an xtremely narrow social background, making it biased and therefore neutral. The UKs Judiciary remains overwhelmingly middle-aged, upper-middle class, white males. Only 8% Judges are women and the average age is 60 years. In fact there was never a female in the senior Judiciary until 2003 when Brenda Hale was appointed. There is also no ethnic minorities in the senior Judiciary with only one being a High Court Judge. In terms of education, Labour Research found that 100% of the senior judges since 1997 were Oxbridge educated and 60% of the Judges in general were educated at Oxbridge with 67% who went to a public school. This means the Judiciary is unrepresentative of the society in which its decisions will affect and it may cause the tendency for Judges to make slightly prejudiced Judgements towards women and different races. For example in 2001, riots in an Asian area of Maningham, Bradford, which had racial aspects, led to far stiffer sentences than those imposed on a white judiciary has also occurred where Judges have been unsympathetic towards female rape victims and have imposed little sentences to rapists. However it is important not to dismiss that the Judiciary is becoming increasingly, although very slowly, more epresentative of society and ones social background doesnt necessarily make them biased. Also, the fact that the law is extremely complex means that Judges from Oxbridge are likely to be highly educated which is necessary in order for the law to be interpreted appropriately. There has also been evidence to suggest that the neutrality of the Judiciary is still limited as it favours the government. For instance Judges ruled in favour of government in 2010 when claimant teenagers, Katy Moore and Callum Hurley applied for a Judicial review action over the raise in university tuition fees to a maximum of E9,OOO, which was introduced in September 2012. This is partly because of parliamentary sovereignty has Judges understand that the government have the mandate to make decisions in the best interests of the nation. Even Lord Woolf (ex Lord Chief Justice) admitted that for every case that the government lost, it won more than ten. This shows that the Judiciary remains biased in favour of government to some extent which threatens neutrality. The fact that any high profile cases lost by the government creature the illusion that the Judiciary acts independently from the ther branches of government can be argued to show that some political pressure may exist. In fact Theresa May used the Sunday papers this year to demand that judges follow the wishes of parliament and deport more foreign criminals. (The Spectator, 18 February). This shows that the independence of the Judiciary is still retrained as the executive are demanding things over newspapers. Finally it is argued that the separation of powers between the Judiciary and the two other branches is only quasi-independent as the Lord Chancellors functions havent disappeared after the 2005 Constitutional Reform Act. Instead his functions were transferred to the Lord Chief Justice and Lord Speaker while his Judicial role has merely been amalgamated with that of the Secretary of State for Justice who leads on policies for courts, prisons and probation despite being an MP in the House of Commons. This suggests that the courts are still subject to the executive and legislature and therefore Judges arent fully independent. It is also said that the Lord Chancellor and Prime Minister have secret surroundings in the appointments procedure of Judges as the Judiciary is exclusively drawn from the Bar. The fact that the profession is drawn from such a narrow base via a process with little real transparency makes it questionable on whether the Judiciary is truly independent. In conclusion the UK Judiciary is becoming more neutral and independent to a large extent as the Constitutional Reform Act of 2005 led to changes regarding the Lord Chancellor and the establishment of both the JAC and the new Supreme Court. The HRA (1998) has also enabled Judges to rule out laws incompatible with the ECHR and there has been a growth in Judicial review. The independence and neutrality of udges has also been maintained through security of tenure and salary as well as sub remain to full independence and neutrality due to the principle of parliamentary sovereignty, a narrow recruitment of the Judiciary and the examples of the biased judgments in the Judiciary. Even if there is reasonable independence, this can still be questioned due to the lack of transparency for example in the appointment of judges. Therefore, although the I-JK Judiciary still has limits to its full independence and neutrality, it is still independent and neutral to a large extent and this continues to increase through things like increased Judicial review.

Site Investigation Essay Sample free essay sample

In all civil technology plants. the most important is the dependability of the information about the land on which the civil technology undertaking will be founded. We would name this SI. or Site Investigation Information or merely SI. There are assorted methods of obtaining SI information. in this paper we will concentrate on most widely used method. that affecting Boring and Drilling. IMPORTANCE OF SI INFORMATION We. the Engineers. all will hold that SI is a specialist operation. Almost all SI is remotely carried out ( we are proving evidences below from surface! ) and because of this. it is needfully the most procedure oriented operation. Therefore. for SI information to be meaningful. it requires rigorous attachment to processs and good pattern. Which merely translated agencies. attachment to Code of Practice and Specifications. All Engineers to the full agree with these statements. On the footing of the informations obtained via SI ( bing less than 0. We will write a custom essay sample on Site Investigation Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 1 % of the undertaking costs ) . 1000000s or one million millions will be committed to the undertaking. It hence makes technology sense that SI must merely be carried out utilizing suited equipment and ancillaries and by trained individuals under the supervising of every bit if non better trained supervisors. All SI specifications for Site Investigation in usage today in one manner or another emphasize craft supervising and have similar demands viz. : 1. Method of tiring must be such that observations are possible and dirt volume to be tested remain undisturbed before being tested.2. Boring to be carried out utilizing Drill Rods with spots attached to be used for3. advancing of dullard holes4. Judicial usage of H2O5. Testing demands6. Mentions to SO. Supervisor or similar implying competent supervising7. Mentions to Code of Practice and Specification. in locating on attachment to processs Short COMINGS OF OUR SI PRACTICES Surprising issue is. that all of us to the full agree with nice statements like above. we even use moderately good specification. yet if we were to see any SI site anyplace in our state. we will happen there is non a individual SI site where any of these sentiments and demands are met. Situation at each SI location is virtually the same. viz. 1. No mention paperss ( CP or specifications ) on site2. Machines and ancillaries in non-compliance with specifications3. Unacceptable processs. trying. proving. transporting4. Untrained operators5. Untrained. normally non existing supervisors SI information produced from these worksites. in the signifier of SI REPORTS are every bit compatible to state of affairs on the worksites and have following in common * All most all debut part of studies describe methods which are non same as on site* All presentations and dirt descriptions in bole logs vary from company to company and in some instances different locations and pay no relevancy to state. research lab trials. consistence etc* From dullard holes logs. based on presentation and deficiency of site observations. it besides can be inferred that* All strata alterations in land below occurs at 1. 5 metre intervals in Malaya* There are neer any happenings of Water losingss. alteration in H2O colourss. H2O immersion. stuff alterations. HOW Such PRACTICES AFFECT PROJECTS All above consequences in concluding merchandise called SI REPORT or FACTUAL REPORT. Such â€Å"FACTUAL† SI Reports. based on information as obtained from methods adopted to twenty-four hours present information which are far from being dependable. dearly-won in long tally and even unsafe. This reinforces common. but a really basic premiss. â€Å"GOOD DECISION CAN NOT BE MADE ON BAD INFORMATION† . Undertaking costs and safety are have direct bearing on information we use in our designs. With no information we have no pick but to over design and fix for worst. At least we are prepared. With bad / undependable information. we can do bad pick. and may non recognize it is a bad pick. and we are worse off than in the instance of no information. because in this instance we are non even prepared to anticipate jobs. but we do acquire caught in all kinds of jobs. Today there is a silent consciousness that something is incorrect with our SI. but nil is altering. bad equipment. bad ancillaries. bad operators and where possible experient bad supervisors continue to supply us with dubious information and we keep planing and building and blowing money. We so indicate to these constructions and say. â€Å"If SI was bad how come these edifices are standing up? †in all these statements we seem to bury the rudimentss once more. that every Civil construction is alone. Unlike motor vehicles which are tested to devastation at design phase. we can non likewise test civil constructions to devastation and reconstruct it more economically. We have to be every bit right as possible right from the beginning. and use Factors of Safety to extenuate some of these uncertainnesss. Due attention and diligence is of premier importance in all Civil Engineering undertakings. This is a batch more so in SI. all work is remotely carried out. no same sample or trial location can be tested twice. variables that can do consequences dubious include equipment. ancillaries. how they are used. where and who they are used by. Consequences obtained from each location merely state us how that location ( the dullard hole location ) was like before proving ( after proving it is no longer the same ) . We use figure of these trial consequences to develop a image of the evidences below. This image will neer be 100 % accurate. Again some uncertainnesss are taken attention of by Factor of Safety. Even with this. in is necessary to guarantee that the consequences we obtained are every bit accurate as possible and decently taken. ie dependable to let us to develop as accurate image of evidences below as possible. We do this by following set processs in tiring. proving and trying and even in how each sample is described. ( logging ) . This manner we guarantee uniformity of processs. uniformity of description and uniformity of describing and cut down every bit many variables as possible. Uniformity of procedural coverage is really of import. because one time SI is carried out we are left with nil but the FACTUAL SI REPORT. This study has to be such that interior decorator using his past experience and cognition can develop accurate image. When reported as described. SI REPORT ALLOWS US TO measure variableness in the land moderately accurately. Now please see the present s tate of affairs of the SI REPORT. where codifications and specification are seldom followed. no attachment to processs. no uniformity in describing. Under these fortunes. no affair what Factor of Safety we use. we are still playing technology version of Russian Rowlett. OUR BORING METHODS Method of progressing of boreholes as we ask for in our specifications provides us with dependability of trying and proving. This means. each method has to be such that it must non let that volume of undersoil. ( which we will prove or sample. ) to be changed or altered before it is tested. Basic in all this. is how the â€Å"hole† is made to make the sampling/testing deepness. This is referred to as drilling. In instance of tiring in dirts. most recognized method are Percussion Boring. Rotary Boring. Auger Boring. Properly used all these methods allow for dependable sampling and testing. Properly used methods we would specify as that utilizing adequate and suited equipment and ancillaries under the attention of trained operators and supervised by trained supervisors. Most normally used methods is Rotary Boring ( or Rotary Wash Boring ) which involves a deadening hole utilizing boring fluid ( H2O or clay ) pumped down a rod fitted at the bottom some kind of cutting spot. Advan cing of hole is achieved by fring of dirt below the rod by the cutting spot and the conveyance of these film editings to come up by boring fluid. ( H2O or clay ) . Boring fluid. under some force per unit area. is discharged from the drill spot at the underside. largely sideways and returns to come up conveying with it cuttings of dirt dislodged by cutting spot. If shells are used to stabilise the hole. these ever follow behind the rods. Most of import issue to observe is that boring fluid is non dismissed downwards into dirts below but sideways and therefore really small volume of dirt below the rod is disturbed or contaminated and about all of the fluid used is returned to the surface to garner with dirt film editings. This is the method we ask for in all our specifications. Method we really use really different. It is more of H2O gushing than rotary drilling. All good elements of Rotary Boring are losing. It involves progressing of borehole utilizing merely the Casing ( no rod with cutting spot affiliated ) under really heavy H2O force per unit areas. All dislodging of dirts below is achieved by beastly force of H2O and surging/rotating action of the shell ( H2O jetting ) . In short it merely uses shell and H2O. This is a really rough method. This method requires really small accomplishment. and it is fast and most of import. it is inexpe nsive. However. as all H2O under high force per unit areas is discharged from downwards. Considerable sum of H2O is lost in dirts below therefore considerable volume of dirt to be tested is contaminated or disturbed. This makes all proving and trying unacceptable because we are now proving dirts which are no longer representative of dirt mass around it. Add to this state of affairs deficiency of trained operators and untrained supervisors. no process. no uniformity and we have Malayan SI. OTHER SI METHODS OF OBTAINING SI INFORMATION There are legion other SI methods. which method used will depend upon site and expected dirt types. There is no cosmopolitan method for every status. The other methods include CPT. Pressure Meter. Dilatometer. Seismic and so on. Because of our deficiency of consciousness. which allows us to anticipate cheapest at fastest velocities. merely about every method of SI practiced is capable to intuition and likely to be unacceptable since remarks on rudimentss like preparation and attachment to processs apply here every bit good. Every method used today has component of MAKE-DO about it. ( CPT cone with clash sleeve smaller than cone to rush incursion. Electric Cones on Mechanical CPT Machines. Pressure metre trials without force per unit area regulators. shear vane trials with homemade vanes and so on ) . This component of MAKE-DO will stay until we accept need for preparation. attachment to processs and rejection of make-do equipment and ancillaries. Until this happens. no affair what me thod is used. it is non likely to animate assurance in SI information. PRACTICE OF SI TODAY We must halt brushing off our present province of SI industry by presuming it has ever been bad any manner and hence whatever will be. will be. This is non true. Practitioners of SI around 1970ss used tiring methods utilizing Hydraulic Federal. top driven machine. utilizing compatible rods and shells. normally B. N. H sized shells and B and N sized rods. Every occupation required careful consideration of compatible and suited equipment which included rods. shells. nucleus barrels. assorted cutting spots and boring spots. Each borehole took about four times longer and about three times costlier than today. SI information. we like to believe. was at least dependable. These equipment still be and are available even today. but because of high operation costs. its practicians can non vie with today’s wash drilling or â€Å"WATER JETTING† . By late 1880ss. legion operators with entree to cheap machines entered the SI market. The machines they used were non right machines for drilling and testing. but they were fast. and once more really of import. they were really inexpensive. They produced fast studies. in some instances even instantaneous studies. Quality and dependability of information became secondary to rush and monetary value. Those with proper equipment and ancillaries could non vie and either left the field or merely joined in. Cost of SI kept coming down even though the cost of labour. fuel. ancillaries and equipment has about doubled or tripled. There are no drastic inventions in basic SI engineering. Nevertheless SI costs today are about ONE THIRD that used to be i n 1970ss or early 1880ss. Today SI operations are come to be regarded as lowest signifier of catching and it seem as we merely do non care. WHAT IS REQUIRED Most of import thing required is CONSCIOUS AWARENESS amongst applied scientists that quality of SI needs bettering and why. We must halt doing alibis to warrant bad SI alternatively we must at highest degrees. get down paying attending to awareness and developing. This must besides follow consciousness amongst Undertaking Owners to the importance of SI information to their undertakings. Following most of import issue to be addressed must be preparation of forces involved in SI. both from contractors and supervisors and intrusting all SI operations are entrusted merely to them. Third standardisation of specifications. measure of measures and describing formats etc. Last and most of import consciousness must be that good quality SI will non be inexpensive. but these costs are nil compared to additions in cost decreases and decrease in building and station building jobs. This has to be acceptable to both clients and applied scientists.

Levis Strauss Case Study Analysis The WritePass Journal

Levis Strauss Case Study Analysis Introduction Levis Strauss Case Study Analysis ). Two of the four strategic directions suggested by this model have already been adopted by Levi Company, that is, selling existing products to existing markets and extending existing products in new markets. It can however recommended that the company should adopt one of the two remaining factors of this model, which is the diversification through creation of more designs of products that suit a wider demographic scope of customers. This will lead to larger consumer base hence higher revenue. References Cunningham, J., Harney, B‎. (2012) Strategy and Strategists. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Grant, R. M. (2013) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. New Jersey: Wiley. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Angwin, D., Regnr, P., Scholes, K. (2014). Exploring Strategy Text Only. UK: Pearson Education, Limited. Ommani, A. R. (2011) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis for farming system businesses management: Case of wheat farmers of Shadervan District, Shoushtar Township, Iran. African Journal of Business Management. 5(22). p.9448-9454. Porter, M. (2008) Competitive Strategy: Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors. New York: Simon and Schuster. Tanwar, R. (2013) Porter’s Generic Competitive Strategies. Journal of Business and Management. 15(1). p.11-17. Taylor, E. C. (2012) Competitive Improvement Planning: Using Ansoff’s Matrix with Abell’s Model to Inform the Strategic Management Process. Academy of Strategic Management 10(1). p.21-25. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011) The business model: recent developments and future research. Journal of management 37(4). p.1019-1042.

Using MySQL Connection Code in Multiple PHP Files

Using MySQL Connection Code in Multiple PHP Files Many website owners use PHP to enhance the capabilities of their webpages. When they combine PHP with the open-source relational database MySQL, the list of capabilities grows immensely. They can establish login credentials, conduct user surveys, set and access cookies and sessions,  rotate banner ads on their site, host user forums, and open online stores, among many other features that are not possible without a database. MySQL and PHP are compatible products and are frequently  used together by website owners. The MySQL code can be included directly in the PHP script. Both are located on your web server, and most web servers support them. The server-side location provides reliable  security for the data your website uses. Connecting Multiple Webpages to One MySQL Database If you have a small website, you probably dont mind typing your MySQL database connection code into the PHP script for a few pages. However, if your website is large and many of the  pages require access to your MySQL database, you can save time with a shortcut. Put the MySQL connection code in a separate file and then call the saved file where you need it. For example, use the SQL code below in a PHP script to log in to your MySQL database. Save this code in a file called datalogin.php. ?php // Connects to my Database mysql_connect(your.hostaddress.com, username, password) or die(mysql_error()); mysql_select_db(Database_Name) or die(mysql_error()); ? Now, whenever you  need to connect one of your webpages to the database, you include this line in PHP in the file for that page: //MySQL Database Connect include datalogin.php; When your pages connect to the database, they can read from it or write information to it. Now that you can call MySQL, use it to set up an address book or a hit counter for your website.

What good life is Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What good life is - Essay Example At some cases, the trip is such a rapid process one hardly realizes to have not gotten anywhere interesting in the end. Readers get a good time they hardly care. However, repeatedly, the poem ask s a lot from the reader and very few given for compensation. Subjects also limit pay-offs, inchoate and too minor, puzzles with gears can complicate churning and might finally reveal the clunk and clink of dullness of mind. The emotionally and spiritually flat dressed up information in technician is some type of poetry, but this is not to a large extent. Poetry with a few conviction and clear voice is more interesting, even when it is not formally accomplished. In the poem entitled â€Å"love† by Michael Dickman, he expresses how people fall in love. This is mostly in weddings and restaurants as they take wine. He analyses various environments where people often like making love and happiness as a sign of love. These occasions are naturally a symbol of good life. They make friendship with strangers as they watch movies. In this poem Dickman, explains how men fall in love with girls in restaurants. He brings out the issue of thighs, how it contributes to love. He uses an example of a boy who sold them popcorns meets a girl who was selling tickets. Dickman explains how love without care come. He compares it with how teeth are in the mouth. That he loved her the way his teeth loved the mouth. He compares his love to that of a boy he knew would attempt to have a purple dinosaur who loved him for real. He says that there is no one who can account for it. That in fact there are no people to do the accounting to balance the books love. He argues that there are even no one to measure the speed and distance between two loving hearts. As Dickman explains about happiness in love, he explains how S&M goddess love her husband. He puts clearly how the goddess brings him to a mall, leading him through the court of food by a leash. This is all because of strong feeling of love.

Pilando Golf Resort Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pilando Golf Resort - Essay Example There are usually some bookings during lunch hours especially on weekends and during dinner hours. The hotel serves a range of dishes due to the diverse nature of the clientele. Besides serving food to guests and other recreational facilities, the hotel offers golf tournaments to its clientele. My experience at the facility as a volunteer exposed me to the various operations of business and the relations with guests at the facility. The experience at the resort exposed to various processes that relate to businesses. An important aspect of the business involved the development of a range of strategies including communication skills. Good communication skills are important in handling of the customers. Customers are different are usually relate to workers in different ways. In the hospitality industry, it is necessary for waiters to develop good communication skills in order to attract and retain the clients. Pilando Golf Resort has a very strong work ethic. Workers are usually motivat ed to provide their best services in order to attract and retain the clientele. The management also helps the workers to develop key skills that are necessary for proper handling of the guests. Usually, the management handles most of the issues that concern the welfare of the guests. The organizational structure of the resort involves a team of managers at the top, followed by supervisors, and finally the workers. The top-level management usually handles decision-making at the resort. Various departments coordinate to ensure the smooth running of the facility. Some of the departments include customer care department, finance department, planning department, and many others. Each department operates according to the mission and vision of the business.

Terminating the Patient-Provider Relationship Essay Example for Free

Terminating the Patient-Provider Relationship Essay Introduction Problem Overview With the advent of 21st century medical technology, health care procedures, ethical and legal considerations and scopes of practice among health care providers have become greatly complex. According to Servellen (1997), one of the most confronting issues of the modern provider-patient relationship is the often misunderstanding of accountability, responsibility and liability of care measures towards the patient (p.334). Legal considerations of providing care and duty of obligation of the provider towards the patients start when the health care professional enters into a relationship with a patient. However, the agreement of care relationship does not only require role of the provider. According to Scott, Ed and Scott (2005), compliance of the patient throughout the care procedures rendered by the provider is another significant component of caring process (p.162). In fact, providers include initial assessments on patient’s level of compliance prior to the start of care process, and more importantly, health professionals inform the patient about the written policy imposing the responsibility of the patient to comply with the process of health care interventions. As considered by American Academy of Nurses, if the patient becomes noncompliant or initiates actions violating professional rights of provider or the patient’s rights, the provider possesses the benefit of terminating the working relationships as considered by the appropriate grounds (Scott, Ed and Scott, 2005 p.162). On the other hand, if the provider terminates the relationship, such professional decision now confronts the issue on breaching the pledged role of devoted care and legal duty of service. Termination of patient-provider relationships is confronted by question whether or not conflicts between the professional role of the provider and the legal duty to provide care (Servellen, 1997 p.334). The current implementations of patient care disengagement largely depend on the institutional policy. According to Scott, Ed and Scott (2005), â€Å"termination of the provider-patient relationship is justified when the patient makes a knowing, voluntary election to end the relationship, either unilaterally or jointly with the provider† (p.162). Upon signing the consent of care, both participants of the care process obtain their own roles in the entire procedure of care. Mason (2004) emphasizes that the professional relationship with the patient can just be terminated due to personal or other inappropriate grounds (p.307). Termination of care is only considered ethical and appropriate when (1) the patient has already reached the maximum benefit of the procedure as supported by clinician’s judgment, or (2) when the patient has already achieved cure from the procedure. However, termination of patient-care relationship on the ground of patient non-compliance imposes a conflict issue between duty of care and patient’s participatory role in the process of care delivery. As supported by Servellen (1997), the provider’s duties to the patient, involving a breach of duty, relates to the standards of practice for all health care professionals (p.334). According to Mason (2004), termination of patient care may result to a legal accusation of abandonment, which â€Å"is the discontinuation of an established patient-provider relationship† (p.307). According to AMA, a non-compliant patient is considered as a â€Å"difficult patient† and candidate for the reconsideration of patient-provider termination of care. However, termination of care must follow appropriate procedures without interfering the continuity of patient care. Terminating the patient care somehow conflicts with the element of maintaining the continuity of care. As explained by Carter, Levetown and Foley 2004), noncompliant patients under reconsideration of patient-care termination still possess the rights of continuous care until another health care reliever has been reassigned (p.120). Moscow (2004) points out that terminating patient care without proper reliever of care is automatically considered a liability against the established patient-provider relationship contract (p.120). According to Servellen (1997), despite the protective and patient-focused approaches of the provider, inevitable times wherein a provider is confronted with situations (e.g. DNR requests can sometimes impede to patient’s right of autonomy, etc.) that can possibly or actually impinge patient’s rights can still occur (p.335). According to American Hospital Association (AHA), the four basic consumer rights state that the (1) patient has the right to safety, (2) right to be informed, (3) right to choose, and (4) right to be heard (Servellen, 1997 p.335). Considering these components as part of the reconsiderations in the ethical discussion of patient-provider care termination, it is indeed inappropriate to terminate the relationship set prior to the start of the process. As mentioned by AMA, provision of care towards non-compliant patients is still under the governance of the elements of (1) health care provider’s duty to provide continuous care, (2) fulfilling the expectations of care for the patient, and (3) carrying out the obligations of care (Mason, 2004 p.307). Terminating the care relationship set during the formal contract establishment between the provider and patient is automatically considered a breach in the legal nature of such relationship. Such action is a considerable ground for the legal liability of abandonment. Despite the issue on termination of care, there are still possible grounds wherein a health care’s refusal to care can be considered appropriate. According to Servellen (1997), provider’s may terminate or refuse care process when (1) the procedure caries physical risks to either the provider or the patient, (2) rendered care violates patient’s rights to autonomy and self-determinations, and (3) religious or moral issues followed by either of the two parties (p.335).   According to Carter, Levetown and Foley (2004), the actual patient-provider relationship is founded on trust and relationship, and not merely on legal holds or set contracts (p.120). Considering this as a form of assertion to the later supporting principles of patient-provider relationship termination, the issue on role fidelity arises as another essential consideration aside from autonomy and the contractual-based patient-provider relationship. Carter, Levetown and Foley (2004) emphasize the value of adhering to the moral and professional role of the nurse, and not solely limiting the care provision on to the patient’s level of compliance (p.120). Guided by the principle of â€Å"patient’s best interest† and fidelity, Mezey and Berkman (2000) support the idea pointing out on the idealistic elements of nursing practice wherein professionals should consider their importance in administering care under holistic and universal perspective regardless of potentially solvable conflicts (p.502). Despite of the relationship established after the setting of contact, the provider needs to consider the nature of non-equalitarian partnership and not the coequal partnership; rather, leading, establishment of rapport and serving the best interests to as the patient as the care provider must all be considered.   As supported by Shamus and Stern (2003), patient-provider relationship imposes a duty of unauthorized disclosure of contract care process without appropriate grounds (p.74). The 1996 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) indeed protect the patients from such decisions brought by health care providers. However, compliance and sets of patient’s participatory obligations throughout the procedure count significantly on the entire health care delivery process (Shamus and Stern, 2003 p.74). Insurance of care does not only direct the obligations and tasks towards the provider but also from the patient. According to Earp, French and Gilkey (2007), patient-provider relationship is expected to work as an enhancing strategy for patient’s trust towards their health care provider. Furthermore, such relationship supports a therapeutic alliance and patient care processes involving high levels of trusts, rapport and patient satisfaction (p.195). By this principle, patients are indeed subjected to participate and cooperate in the process of health care delivery. However, in case the patient declines to participate, health care providers must not immediately terminate the procedure since they are no coequals of the patients and resistance towards care measures are sometimes inevitable. According to Rothestein, Brody and McCullough et al. (2001), health care providers must continuously administer care and interventions necessary for the well-being of the patient despite of the non-compliant behavior (p.620). In case the patient becomes notoriously incompliant to either selective or general procedures scheduled for administration, AMA suggests a series of assessment for the noncompliant behavior without involving one’s professional role outside the scope of care provision (Mason, 2004 p.307). Furthermore, the patient’s decision to not comply entirely depends on himself or herself; although, it is an important protocol consideration to check institutional policy for the proper consent documentation of such patient’s behavior. Most public institutions implement waiver signing when the patient refuses to take medications for example. According to Earp, French and Gilkey (2007), this is done for the purpose of formality and protection from possible accusations of abandonment or care quality infringements (p.195). On the other hand, when provider-patient relationship is not anymore pursuing its beneficial state or health care alliance status, AMA suggests the termination of health care management. As supported by Rubenfield and Scheffer (2006), the duty of the provider in relation to the physician-patient relationship includes (1) fulfilling the patient’s expected care, (2) carrying out the health care roles of the provider towards the patient, and (3) delivering care guided by the principles of fidelity and nonmalificence (p.96). If the provider has been determined to satisfy all these criteria, the duty to treat or provide care to the patient is indeed not violated. However, if the patient pursues his or her state of noncompliance despite of the standards of care being administered and the potential of further causing harm to one’s self, terminating the set provider-patient relationship is indeed justified. Nonetheless, as supported by the AMA Code of Ethics in 1998 Doc #1, p.5, â€Å"physicians cannot withdraw from a case without giving notice to the patient, the relatives, or responsible friends sufficiently long in advance of withdrawal to permit another medical attendant to be secured† (cited at Rothestein, Brody and McCullough et al., 2001 p.621). The health care provider is still tasked to service the patient until the reliever of care becomes available. Meanwhile, despite the legal recognitions in terminating the provider-patient relationship, the question still lies if whether or not the provider breaches his or her professional role as the higher component of the alliance considering the noncompliant state of the patient. Statement of the Problem The participation of both parties in the patient-provider relationship is an important consideration to the entire success of the health care delivery process. Once the provider accepts the task pf providing care to the patient, it is lawfully and professionally understood that the provider agrees to setup a transactional bond with the patient. According to AMA code of ethics, the setting of contract between the provider and the patient includes participatory roles from the two parties, and compliance to the higher participant of the alliance, the health care provider, must take the lead of health care management (Rothestein, Brody and McCullough et al., 2001 p.621). Added by Earp, French and Gilkey (2007), â€Å"patient-provider relationship is even ideally characterized by high levels of provider informativeness, interpersonal sensitivity and partnership building† (p.189). However, in some instances, patient may pose as the incompliant participant of the body system, which can greatly compromise the delivery of care as well as the role function of the provider. As emphasized by Servellen (1997), if the patient manifests a noncompliant behavior towards the care being provided by the assigned health care professional, the code of ethics should rather consider the termination of the bonded agreement than forcing the two participants to maintain their relationship since this can actually be detrimental to both patient’s health and provider’s role (p.336). Hence, termination of patient-provider relationship in relation to patient’s incompliant behavior can be possibly done via appropriate process of separation mandated by the institutional policies. It is important however to consider the validation of the provider’s claims followed by the written acknowledgement signed by the patient. After establishing an agreement of termination, the provider is expected to maintain the level of care being provided to the patient until the endorsement of the patient’s care to the assigned reliever. AMA has imposed significant abandonment liabilities once the provider terminates the established relationship without properly engaging to the set institutional policies. According to Rothestein, Brody and McCullough et al. (2001), terminating the established relationship between the provider and the patient without properly notifying, validating and documenting the said action will immediately resort to legal liabilities (p.621). Termination of patient-provider relationship must be laid down to the patient for recognition and prevention of legal accusation of abandonment. Despite the valid points and supporting rationales in terminating the patient-provider relationship, the issue still lies questioning the appropriateness of termination in relation to the ideal practice of role fidelity and duty of care. Due to this very reason, we have proposed a descriptive and non-experimental study analyzing the legal, ethical and moral nature of terminating the set patient-provider relationship. The objectives of the study proposed are as follows: To determine the ethical stand point of terminating patient-provider relationship in relation to the ideal principles of (a) duty of care and (b) role fidelity To determine the perceptions of the patients on the potential effects of terminating patient-provider relationship towards the level of trust and health care satisfaction Scopes and Limitations Due to the continuously evolving policies of health care system, changes in the patient-provider relationship have also evolved progressively. Despite the idealistic principles of fidelity and duty of care, health care providers still encounter inevitable instances wherein the client becomes non-compliant towards selective or general interventions implemented as part of the care process. According to Servellen (1997), instead compromising the care delivered to these patients, code of ethics have now reconsidered the procedure-based termination of patient-provider relationship to prevent the delivery of reluctant or incompetent care management due to patient’s incompliance (p.327). However, Carter, Levetown and Foley (2004) and Mezey and Berkman (2000) assert that terminating patient-provider relationship violate the principles of duty of care and role fidelity since it is always the task of the provider to carry-out the needs of the patient as guided by the principle of â€Å"patient’s best-interests† regardless of the patient’s response to health care. In this proposed study, the primary goal is to determine whether or not the ideal principles of health care (role fidelity and duty of care) are breached once the provider terminates the established relationship with the patient. At the end of the study, the following questions must be answered: What are the supported grounds for terminating patient-provider relations approved by AMA and AAN? Cite the legal, ethical and moral comparisons between the two policies. Does the health care provider breach the established relationship once he/she requested for termination due to incompliant behavior? Significance of the Study Despite the defined institutional policies supporting the process of termination, the issue on breached principles of health care still remains questionable. Federal health care organizations, such as AMA and AAN, have clarified the issue and process involving the termination of patient-provider relationship on the grounds of non-compliance and failure to adhere to the provider’s instructions. According to Servellen (1997), during the times of the HIV epidemic, termination of care is considered professionally inappropriate; hence, care provided towards these HIV patients became detrimental to the patient’s health due to the reluctance and exaggerated care measures implemented by these providers (p.327). The issue involving the termination of such established relationship covers both ethical and legal principles (e.g. role fidelity, duty of care, etc.) governing the pledged role of the provider and the assigned participatory role (e.g. patient’s rights, patient’s task of compliance, etc.) of the patient. Clarifying the care issues on the termination of patient-provider relationship is significant due to the following reasons: By understanding the limitations and defined grounds of terminating the patient-provider relationships, the study can aid in identifying the relationships of ethical principles that shall answer the confronting issue of patient-provider relationship By understanding the legal and ethical considerations on patient-provider relationship termination, the study can help in defining policy proposals on the proper procedures for implementing the termination of patient-provider relationship   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conceptual framework of the study illustrates the proposed program of implementation addressing the issue on termination of patient-provider relationship. The conceptual framework is based from the primary goal of the study – to determine the standpoint of the termination of patient-provider relationship. By determining the subjective responses from two types of samples, patients and nurses (selected â€Å"provider† population), the procedure should be able to reveal the ethical justifications and oppositions on the subject of terminating patient-provider relationship due to noncompliance. After determining the collation of responses, the procedure analyzes the data in order to obtain significant relationships pertaining to the issue on breaching the principles of role fidelity and duty of care upon termination of such care contracts. Program Proposal f.1. Research Design   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study proposes a non-experimental and descriptively designed survey methodology as the program for analyzing the issue on termination of patient-provider relationship. Using the perception-based methodology, the study explores the different insights of the two parties involved – patients and nurses/ providers – in the issue targeted by the study. The proposed program utilizes open-ended questions depicting the different possible perspectives of the samples – approval, opposition, suggestive– towards the issue imposed. The design of the study relates to the patterns illustrated on the conceptual framework. The emphasis of the survey questions is derived from the primary goal of the study – to determine if whether or not the termination of patient-provider breaches the concept of role fidelity and duty of care.   The collated responses obtained from the survey are compared to the ethics analysis condu cted in the literary reviews. f.2. Samples and Sampling Technique Used   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study aims to achieve the total target population of 100 patients and 100 nurses proportionately divided into two different sample hospital locales. Using a simple random sampling method, selection of patient respondents is guided by the following criteria: (1) 18 and above, (2) patients must be admitted within the hospital premises for at least two days, and (3) must be conscious and coherent. On the other hand, sampling criteria among nurses are as follows: (1) must be licensed professional, (2) must be employed and working within the hospital premises, (3) must have at least 2 years of nursing experience from the surveyed hospital locale or other institution. f.2. Data Gathering Procedure   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Data gathering procedures shall be composed of two different methodologies: (a) ethics analysis conducted in the literary reviews and (2) survey methodology implemented on two groups of samples. Ethics analysis from the literature reviews comprise of the different ideas answering the ethical disputes on termination of patient-provider relationship. In the process of ethics analysis, the principles of role fidelity and duty of care involved in the issue are the emphasis of the analysis. The main objective of this procedure is to answer the ethical standpoints of the issue based on whether the termination violates the principles of role fidelity and duty of care. On the other hand, the second methodology deals with the perceptions answering the issue on breached principles of role fidelity and duty of care through the termination of patient-provider relationship. After gathering the results of the two data sources, the integration of data is conducted aiming to answer the primary goal of then proposed study. f.3. Instrumentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Survey questionnaires are the primary instrument used for the gathering of data and responses from the qualified samples. The questions used have been derived from three categories inclined to the different possible responses of the respondents. Categories used include (1) approval, (2) opposition, and (3) suggestive. Using open ended-questions according to the four categories, the respondent must select their preferred side among the four categories. Approval selection depicts their positive response over the termination of patient-provider relationship, opposition is the reverse,   and suggestive implicates the possible changes they want. The results of the survey are collated for the purpose of analysis and implications of data. f.4. Program Implementations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the process of implementing the proposed program for evaluation and assessment of the issue, methodologies shall comprise (a) ethics analysis via records review and (b) the qualitatively designed survey of the chosen sample population. Implementation process shall begin with the gathering of records and reviews on issues and bioethical discussions on termination of patient-provider relationship. In the process of analyzing the obtained data, the study shall document (a) the ethical principles associated to the termination issue, (b) the conflicting ethical principles, and (c) the violated ethical principles upon implementation of the issue. After gathering these three components, the data shall be analyzed drawing appropriate implications from the documentation acquired. With the acquired results from ethics analysis, we shall now relate these to the two principles – role fidelity and duty of care that are hypothetically breache d upon terminating patient-provider relationship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After the application of the second procedure, the survey methodology shall now begin its pilot study with a smaller sample population of at least 10 qualified respondents from the chosen research locales. During the process of pilot testing, the research processes involving the survey questions, respondent interaction, collation of data, analysis and interpretation of data shall be tested for validation and revision in case necessary. After the pilot study, the actual survey procedure shall commence targeting a population of 100 qualified respondents from each of the two hospitals chosen. Furthermore, 100 target samples from each institution shall be divided into two comprising of 50 qualified nurses and another 50 qualified patient respondents. The total sample population shall therefore be 200 qualified respondents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   After gathering the survey results using open-ended questions and simple random sampling technique, the results shall be collated according to the three categories of the questions used -(1) approval, (2) opposition, and (3) suggestive. The results shall be analyzed according to the data obtained from the records review. Implications associated to the ethical issue proposed (termination of patient-provider relationship) shall be drawn from the results of the interview. With the implications and analysis of the survey results, the next procedure integrates the study results from the records review and survey results to draw the general relationship between the perceptive study and theoretical ethical discussion on the issue proposed. Finally, the results drawn from the integration should answer the primary goal of the study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.5. PICO Analysis Table 1: P.I.C.O Analysis Population The main subjects concerning the research topic are the patients and associated providers, such as nurses and physicians. Program implementations involve similar sample groups as well (patients and nurses). Intervention Ethics analysis on patient-provider relationship utilizes the general overview of nursing and clinical care procedures (e.g. medication administration, wound care, etc.). On the other hand, the program implementation utilizes two interventions, specifically (a) Survey with corresponding questionnaires and (b) records analysis. Comparison Variable comparisons involve (a) patient perception versus (b) nurses perception on whether or not termination of patient-provider relationship violates the principles of duty to care and role fidelity. Outcomes Expected results of the study differentiate among the two parties involved. Nurses perceive the termination an ethical consideration under the basis of noncompliance and breach in the contract of relationship set prior to care delivery. Meanwhile, patients perceive the termination as an ethical breach since the tasks of the nurses must always comply with the duty to care and role fidelity. Conclusion In summary of this research proposal, we aim to determine the ethical standpoint of terminating patient-provider relationship on the grounds of patient incompliance despite the set agreement and principles governing the role of the health care provider. Since termination of patient-provider relationship has already been acknowledged by federal organizations (e.g. AMA, AAN, etc.), we determine if such termination of accounts on the basis of patient’s incompliance breaches the ethical principles of role fidelity and duty of care. In order to strengthen the ethics analysis of the issue, we have incorporated a descriptively designed survey method to obtain the perceptive response of both patients and nurses towards the imposed issue. After collating the results of the survey, the next step is to integrate the results obtained from the records review and from the survey conducted. References Carter, B. S., Levetown, M., Foley, K. M. (2004). 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